UNEXPECTED CIRCUMSTANCES AND CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA - ΑΠΡΟΟΠΤΗ ΜΕΤΑΒΟΛΗ ΣΥΝΘΗΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΒΑΣΗ ΘΑΛΑΣΣΙΑΣ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑΣ

XII CONTENTS Chapter 2 Observations of the “doctrine of frustration” 8. Defining the concept ..............................................................................................23 8.1. General principles of the “doctrine of frustration” .............................24 8.2. Contractual provisions ...................................................................................28 8.2.1. Frustration and “force majeure” .........................................................29 8.2.2. An overview of the “force majeure” clauses .....................................30 8.2.3. The Frustration Clause in Marine Insurance .......................................32 8.2.4. The War clauses .......................................................................................33 8.3. The legal basis ..................................................................................................33 8.3.1. Fact or Law? ..............................................................................................33 8.3.2. The theories of the “doctrine of frustration” ...................................35 8.3.3. Any practical importance? ....................................................................37 9. Notes on terminology ..............................................................................................37 10. American Law .........................................................................................................39 Chapter 3 “Impracticability” and “Frustration of purpose” 11. Introductory remarks ............................................................................................43 12. The American and English approach of impracticability ............................43 12.1. Articles §2-613 and §2-615 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) .............................................................................47 12.1.1. Article UCC §2-613 .................................................................................48 12.1.2. Article UCC §2-615 .................................................................................48 12.2. The Restatement (Second) of Contracts ................................................51 12.2.1. Discharge by Supervening Impracticability ......................................51 12.2.2. Discharge by Supervening Frustration ...............................................52 12.2.3. Existing Impracticability or Frustration ............................................54 13. The “Frustration of purpose” ............................................................................55 13.1. What is it? ........................................................................................................55 13.2. English Law .....................................................................................................57 13.2.1. “The Krell” ..............................................................................................57 13.2.2. “The Herne” ...........................................................................................58