ΑΛΛΗΛΕΓΓΥΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ: ΕΞΕΛΙΞΕΙΣ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΚΛΗΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ

Dimitrios Akrivoulis 21 School within IR theory. 4 Some notable critique may be found in Critical Theory 5 or neo-Gramscian IR/IPE, 6 or in the literatures on global civil society 7 and transna- tional socio-political activism. 8 Others struggle with the implicit conflict between cosmopolitan and communitarian imaginaries of solidarity, 9 or between national interest and international solidarity. 10 Most however focus on the whys or the hows of solidarity, neglecting or depreciating the where of solidarity, its locus that de- termines eventually our responses to the problem of subjectivity. My proposal is that an excavation of the conceptual mutations of solidarity could allow us to pro- vide new answers to the questions set by the literature and, hopefully, set some further, new questions. For this purpose, the conceptual analysis of the present chapter will mostly draw from a lexicographical survey of solidarity at least in its so far usage in English. 4. Barry Buzan, From International to World Society , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004; Emmanuel Adler, “Barry Buzan’s use of constructivism to reconstruct the English School: ‘Not all the way down’”, Millennium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2005, pp. 171-82; Mervyn Frost, Ethics in International Relations: A Con- stitutive View , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; Timothy Dunne and Nick Wheeler, “Hedley Bull’s pluralism of the intellect and solidarism of the will”, Interna- tional Affairs , Vol. 72, No. 1, 1996, pp. 309-23. 5. See, for example, Max Pensky, The Ends of Solidarity: Discourse Theory in Ethics and Politics , Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2008. 6. See, for instance, Kees Van der Pijl, Transnational Social Classes , London: Routledge; Mark Rupert, Producing Hegemony , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995; Ran- dal Germain and Michael Kenny, “Engaging Gramsci: International Relations Theory and the New Gramscians”, Review of International Studies , Vol. 24, No. 1, 1998, pp. 3-21; Craig C. Murphy, “Understanding Gramsci: Understanding IR”, Review of International Studies , Vol. 24, No. 3, 1998, pp. 3-21. 7. Mary Kaldor, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War , Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003; John Keane, Global Civil Society ? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 8. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders , Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni- versity Press, 1998; Roland Bleiker, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 9. Andrew Mason, Community, Solidarity and Belonging: Levels of Community and Their Normative Significance , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka (eds.), The Strains of Commitment: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies , New York: Oxford University Press, 2017; Craig Calhhoun, Nations Matter: Culture, History, and the Cosmopolitan Dream , New York: Routledge, 2007; Lawrence Wilde, Global Solidarity , Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. 10. Jean-Marc Coicaud and Nicholas J, Wheeler (eds.), National Interest and International Solidarity: Particular and Universal Ethics in International Life , Tokyo, New York, and Paris: United Nations University Press, 2008.