ΑΛΛΗΛΕΓΓΥΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ: ΕΞΕΛΙΞΕΙΣ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΚΛΗΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ

Dimitrios Akrivoulis 23 1848, the term returns with more national (rather than class) connotations, to de- scribe the ideological driving force behind the struggle for the Italian unification. 15 This conceptual transition from class to nation, as the new dominant political lo- cus , within which solidarity became meaningful, is retained in the following dec- ade, this time discussed as a typical English (national) trait. 16 Of course this hardly implies a full abandonment of the socialist conceptualization in the post-revolu- tionary period. To the contrary, the two conceptual faces of solidarity continued to coexist in a Janus form, as a synonym both to social (or national) cohesiveness, uniform action and trust, 17 and to class unity often transcending state borders. 18 Their core difference, of course, is one that concerns their relation to the existing order. Whereas the former became meaningful within the given order, the latter strived to subvert it. It is exactly during this formative conceptual period of the mid-19 th century, that the locus of solidarity —the space within which solidarity becomes politically meaningful— is first disputed. According again to the OED, in 1852 the Tory Fra- serians are recorded “hiving up” the phrase “the solidarity of the peoples!” 19 The following year, while recognizing it was vain to strive against the use of the word, Anglican archbishop and poet Richard Chenevix Trench used solidarity in his Prov- erbs and Their Lessons as a ‘proverb’ referring to the bond that unites “all the na- tions of Christendom”. 20 It only then comes normal that the locus of solidarity was eventually traced, beyond class or religion, in race, most notably the English race to serve the interests of the Commonwealth. Thus Canadian businessman and au- thor Samuel Edward Dawson spoke of “the grand idea of the solidarity of England and the English race throughout the world” in his 1884 Handbook for the Dominion of Canada . 21 15. “1848 GALLENGA Italy 429 Actuated by a feeling of national solidarity—to borrow a French word—which induced all of them to run the same risk.” Quoted in ibid . 16. “1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits v. 103 One secret of their power is their mutual good un- derstanding. They have solidarity, or responsibleness, and trust in each other.” Quoted in ibid . 17. “1877 BROCKETT Cross & Crescent 157.” Quoted in ibid . 18. “1885 To-day III. 83 [Strike manifesto] But if, on the contrary, you design this strike as a step toward a final and definite solution of the great labour question, if you would make it the means of teaching the worker the absolute necessity of combination and of unity, if having secured the adoption of Solidarity you will build upon this a superstructure of Education, if you will learn why you are poor, [etc.].” Quoted in ibid . 19. “1852 Fraser’s Mag. Jan. 28 We have hived up one of his phrases—the ‘solidarity of the peoples!’”. Quoted in ibid. 20. “1853 TRENCH Less. Prov. 29 The ‘solidarity’ (to use a word which it is in vain to strive against) of all the nations of Christendom.” Quoted in ibid. 21. “1884 S. E. DAWSON Handbk. Canada 107.” Quoted in ibid .