ΑΛΛΗΛΕΓΓΥΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ: ΕΞΕΛΙΞΕΙΣ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΔΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΙΚΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΚΛΗΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΕ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ

XIV Πρόλογος The requirement of acting in solidarity remains at the heart of the process of in- tegration pursued by the Treaty of Lisbon. And although surprisingly absent from the list in the first sentence of Article 2 TEU of the values on which the Union is founded, solidarity is, on the other hand, mentioned in the Preamble to the Char- ter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as forming part of the ‘indivis- ible, universal values’ on which the Union is founded 4 . Furthermore, Article 3(3) TEU states that the Union is to promote not only solidarity between generations but also solidarity among Member States. Solidarity therefore continues to form part of a set of values and principles that constitute ‘the bedrock of the European construction’. More specifically, solidarity is both a pillar and at the same time a guiding principle of the European Union’s policies on border checks, asylum and immigration, which form the subject matter of Chapter 2 of Title V of the FEU Treaty, devoted to the area of freedom, security and justice 5 . Indeed, the notion of EU solidarity appears, either as a clause in the Treaties for the EU (from Lisbon and beyond), or as a goal in the European Global Strategy of Mogherini (an important document on the future of the EU, which however has appeared in June 2016, in the midst of a referendum on the “Brexit” and lost the momentum of building EU as a true global actor 6 ), as well as a separate Section of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (under title IV) 7 , and finally as a principle, in the spirit and the letter of the European Agenda on asylum and migration (es- 4. Solidarity, in the TEU is among the key guidelines of the project of European integration and in 1957 is already addressed to the Member States as well as to individuals’ as also confirmed by AG Bot, in his Opinion, supra. 5. See Bieber R. / Maiani F., Sans solidarité point d’Union européenne, Regards croisés sur les crises de l’Union économique et monétaire et du Système européen commun d’asile, Revue trimestrielle de droit européen, Dalloz, Paris, 2012, p. 295. After pointing out that the concept of ‘solidarity’ is not defined anywhere in the Treaties, those authors observe that ‘the Treaties confer on that concept a scope that varies according to the context — sometimes an objective or parameter for EU action, sometimes a basic value, sometimes a criterion of the obligations to which the Member States have subscribed by acceding to the European Union. The common denominator that links those various emanations of solidarity in the context of the European Union is the recognition of the existence of a “common interest”, separate from and separable from the sum of the individual interests’. For a collection of contributions relating to the principle of solidarity, see Boutayeb C., La solidarité dans l’Union européenne– Éléments constitutionnels et matériels, Dalloz, Paris, 2011. 6. See on EU Global Strategy: Shared vision, Common Action: A stronger Europe, A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, see June 2016, accessed at http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf 7. Solidarity in the EU Fundamental Rights Charter see Kellerbauer M. / Klamert M. / Tomkin J. (eds.), The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights : A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2019.