INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY ON THE CYPRUS QUESTION

VIII CONTENTS 2.3. Arguments against the legality of Intervention provided for by Treaty right .............48 (i) General Principles of Law ........................................................................................48 (ii) Treaties reached under Duress or Inequitable Treaties .........................................52 (iii) Sovereign equality ..................................................................................................53 3. Did the Treaty of Guarantee purport to authorize military action? ...............................54 4. Criteria set by the Guarantee Treaty and the conduct of Turkey ...................................59 5. The subsequent actions of Turkey ....................................................................................61 6. Stance taken by the International Community ................................................................63 7. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................64 CHAPTER III INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLITICAL THEORY ON HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION 1. Historical Evidence of Humanitarian Interventions ........................................................67 2. State Practice ....................................................................................................................69 2.1. Pre-Charter Unilateral Humanitarian Interventions ..................................................69 (i) Intervention of Great Britain, France and Russia in aid of Greek Revolutionaries .. 69 (ii) French occupation of Syria, 1860-1 ........................................................................71 (iii) United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898 ...............................................................72 2.2. Post-Charter Unilateral Humanitarian Interventions.................................................73 (i) Belgian and US intervention in the Congo, 1964. ....................................................73 (ii) Indian Invasion of Bangladesh, 1971. .....................................................................74 (iii) Tanzanian Intervention in Uganda, 1978-9. ..........................................................75 (iv) Assessment of State practice .................................................................................76 2.3. Post-Charter UN Humanitarian Interventions............................................................77 (i) Iraq, 1991 .................................................................................................................78 (ii) Liberia, 1990 ...........................................................................................................78 (iii) Kosovo, 1999 ..........................................................................................................79 3. Legal and Political Theory on Humanitarian Intervention .............................................79 3.1. Sovereignty v. Human Rights .....................................................................................80 3.2. Just War (Bellum Justum)...........................................................................................82 (i) War is not in conflict with the Law of Nature ........................................................... 82 (ii) Biblical texts arguments that war is compatible with the law of the Gospel .......... 82 3.3. War as punishment......................................................................................................83 3.4. War in the name of the oppressed ..............................................................................84 4. Criteria and Conclusions on the Turkish Intervention ...................................................84