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3.2. Benedict de Spinoza (¨ÁÐÎÀÖ ¼ ¨ÅÍÅÍÒ½ËÒÎ×Õ ÍÒÅ ŸÉ;ØÁ) (1632-1677) ............... 55
3.2.1. ¢ÉÎÇÐÁÆÉËÑÒÎÉÖŽÁ ........................................................................................................ 55
3.2.2. ®ÁÒÎ×ÐÁÌÉь¾Õ-¨ÎÍÉь¾Õ ............................................................................................. 56
3.2.3. H ÎÌÉÒÉ˼ ÓÅÔнÁ ÒÎ× ŸÉ;ØÁ ...................................................................................... 58
3.3. John Locke (±ØÎÍ œÎË) (1632-1704) ...................................................................................... 60
3.3.1. ¢ÉÎÇÐÁÆÉËÑÒÎÉÖŽÁ ........................................................................................................ 60
3.3.2. ¥ Æ×ÑÉ˼ ËÁÒÑÒÁÑÈ ÒÎ× ÁÍÓÐύÎ× ............................................................................. 61
3.3.3. ¥ Ç»ÍÅÑÈ ÒÎ× ËÎÉÍÔÍÉËÎÀ Ñ׌ÂÎÌÁ½Î× .......................................................................... 63
3.3.4. ¥ ÄȌÉÎ×ÐǽÁ ËÁÉ ÒÁ ¾ÐÉÁ ÒÎ× ËÐÒÎ×Õ .......................................................................... 64
4. 18ÎÕ ÁÉÏÍÁÕ ÒÎ× ÆÔÒ¾Õ .............................................................................................................. 66
4.1. GottfriedWilhelm Leibniz (™Ë¾ÒÆÐÉÍÒ ¢½ÌÖÅ̌ œÉŒÍÉÒÕ) (1646-1716) ........................ 69
4.1.1. ¢ÉÎÇÐÁÆÉËÑÒÎÉÖŽÁ ........................................................................................................ 69
4.1.2. ¥ ÁÍÁËÌ×ÃÈ ÒÎ× ÄÉÁÆÎÐÉËÎÀ ÌÎÇÉьÎÀ ...................................................................... 71
4.1.3. ¥ ÆÉÌÎÑÎƽÁ ÒÎ× .............................................................................................................. 72
4.1.4. ¥ ÓÅÔнÁ ÒÎ× ÇÉÁ ÒÈ ÄÉËÁÉÎÑÀÍÈ..................................................................................... 73
4.2. ChristianWolff (§Ð½ÑÒÉÁÍ ¢¾ÌÆ) (1679-1754) .................................................................... 74
4.2.1. ¥ Ó»ÑÈ ÒÎ× ÇÉÁ ÒÎ Æ×ÑÉ˾ ĽËÁÉÎ ËÁÉ ÒÈ ÍΌÉ˼ ōÉÑÒ¼ŒÈ ............................................ 74
4.2.2. ¥ Æ×ÑÉ˼ ËÁÒÑÒÁÑÈ ËÁÉ È Æ×ÑÉ˼ ÉѾÒÈÒÁ ÒÔÍ ÁÍÓÐύÔÍ........................................ 75
4.2.3. ¥ ¡ÐÖ¼ ÒÈÕ ¡ÍÒ½ÆÁÑÈÕ ..................................................................................................... 76
4.2.4. ¥ ¡ÐÖ¼ ÒÈÕ £ÁÐËÎÀÕ ¡ÉÒ½ÁÕ ........................................................................................... 77
4.3. Samuel Pufendorf (ŸŒÎ×ÅÌ žÎÀÆÅÍÒÎÐÆ) (1632-1694) ................................................. 78
4.3.1. ¥ ÁÍÒ½ÌÈÃÈ ÒÎ× Æ×ÑÉËÎÀ ÄÉËÁ½Î×................................................................................... 78
4.3.2. ¥ ÁÍÇËÈ ÀÁÐÊÈÕ ËÐÒÎ×Õ ............................................................................................ 79
4.4. Christian Thomasius (§Ð½ÑÒÉÁÍ ±ÎŒÑÉÎ×Õ) (1665-1728) ................................................. 80
4.4.1. ¢ÉÎÇÐÁÆÉËÑÒÎÉÖŽÁ ........................................................................................................ 80
4.4.2. ¯É ÆÉÌÎÑÎÆÉË»Õ ËÁÉ ÎÌÉÒÉË»Õ ÒÎ× Ó»ÑÅÉÕ ....................................................................... 81
5. Charles-Louis de Secondat de Montesquieu (¨ÎÍÒÅÑËÉ») (1689-1755)...................... 84
5.1. ¢ÉÎÇÐÁÆÉËÑÒÎÉÖŽÁ ............................................................................................................... 84
5.2. ¯É ;ŒÎÉ, ÒÁ ÎÌÉÒÅÀŒÁÒÁ ËÁÉ È ÄÉËÐÉÑÈ ÒÔÍ ÅÊÎ×ÑÉÏÍ .................................................. 84