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XXIII

3. Third ground: a conflict between the decision whose recognition is sought

and a decision previously given in the forum or in a third Member State

.......................

462

Article 41 –

No review as to the substance

.......................................................................

465

Article 42 –

Staying of recognition proceedings

..............................................................

466

Article 43 –

Enforceability

....................................................................................................

469

I. General Outline

..................................................................................................................

470

II. Commentary

......................................................................................................................

474

1. Decisions issued by courts of Member States

.................................................................

474

2. Enforceability in the state of origin

................................................................................

477

3. Application for an exequatur

.........................................................................................

477

4. ‘Of any interested party’

..................................................................................................

477

5. No further autonomous prerequisites

..............................................................................

478

6. Permissibility of negative declaratory actions

................................................................

478

Article 44 –

Determination of domicile

.............................................................................

481

Article 45 –

Jurisdiction of local courts

.............................................................................

483

Article 46 –

Procedure

...........................................................................................................

486

I. Application of the lex fori executionis

............................................................................

486

II. No postal address or authorised representative in the Member State of

enforcement required

......................................................................................................

487

III. Autonomous procedural prerequisites

...........................................................................

487

Article 47 –

Non-production of the attestation

................................................................

490

Article 48 –

Declaration of enforceability

.........................................................................

492

Article 49 –

Notice of the decision on the application for a declaration

of enforceability

...............................................................................................

494

Article 50 –

Appeal against the decision on the application

for a declaration of enforceability

................................................................

497

I. General

..............................................................................................................................

497

II. Establishment of the right to lodge an appeal

................................................................

498

III. Issues governed by the lex fori executionis

.................................................................

499

IV. Guarantees established in favour of the party against whom enforcement

is sought

............................................................................................................................

499

1. Guarantee of timely service in case the party against whom enforcement

is sought is in default

.....................................................................................................

499

2. On time limits

................................................................................................................

501

V. Interim Measures

.............................................................................................................

501

Article 51 –

Procedure to contest the decision given on appeal

..................................

502

Article 52 –

Refusal or revocation of a declaration of enforceability

.........................

504

Article 53 –

Staying of proceedings

....................................................................................

505

Article 54 –

Provisional, including protective, measures

...............................................

507

I. Introduction

.......................................................................................................................

508