XXIV
Introductory Note
nell, then Professor of Maritime Affairs at the World Maritime University
(University located in Sweden and within the UN system) and currently
Professor of Law and Director of the Marine & Environmental Law Insti-
tute at Dalhousie University in Canada, considers the impact of increased
reliance on science and scientists on international environmental nego-
tiations and their pressure for certainty in negotiations over standards.
The second presentation, also by Dr. McConnell, considers the impact on
environmental negotiations of changing institutional responsibilities and
organizational cultures arising from what some describe as a convergence
of security and defence and environmental/ human security/health con-
cerns.
Dr. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law, University of
Milan (Bicocca), draws on his experience with the development of the
UNESCO Convention the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage to
examine the interaction between culture and “nature” in the Mediterra-
nean context. Ms. Marie Soveroski, Director of the European Centre for
Judges and Lawyers, the Luxembourg Antenna of the European Institute
of Public Administration, focuses on the impact of the European Union
on international environmental negotiations. In particular the exercise
developed for her presentation (which is included in full in Part III of
this Study) provides an opportunity to consider the effect of EU unifica-
tion measures, such as EEC Directives, on the international negotiation
process and State autonomy in the context of negotiations. A final pa-
per in the collection prepared by Dr. Elli Louka, President of ADI (Alpha-
betics Development & Investment), a company devoted to environment
and development, although not part of the original seminar presentations
has been included by the co-editors because of its relevance to the con-
cepts promoted in this Study. It examines the idea of consensus building
through application (practice) in the context of integrated area manage-
ment experiences in the Mediterranean.
Part III of this Study presents the full text of two simulation exercises.
The first, as noted above, was developed in connection with the presenta-
tion on the impact of the EU on international environmental negotiations.
The second, a comprehensive multi-level strategic simulation exercise de-
signed by Dr. Raftopoulos, is intended to encourage development of ideas
