ŎŐňŎŇńŒņőņ Łōňőņő Ł¨ňʼnŁňŎŊŎŃņŒŎœ ŏŊŎœŒňőŋŎœ őŒŎ ńŊŊņŌňʼnŎ & őŒŎ ŁŃŃŊňʼnŎ ¨ňʼnŁňŎ
49
ŚŲŢŦ ŧŬŦťŢŜ ũūūŨūŠŦŞŧř
239
, ŞŨŨř ŧŞŦ Şŷ ŮŲūŨŦŞŮůŚŭ ůūŰ šŦŧŞŜūŰ
240
, ůū
šŜŧŞŦū ůūŰ ŞšŦŧŞŦūŨŷŠŤůūŰ ŨūŰůŦŮūŸ ūŬŢŜ ũŞ ŨŢŦůūŰŬŠśŮŢŦ ŷũū Ţũ
ůŤ ŞūŰŮŜŞ ŦŞŭ ŦŮŲŰŬśŭ ŮŸşŞŮŤŭ. ŁũůŜťŢůŞ, ŞūŧŞůřŮůŞŮŤ šŢũ ŢŜũŞŦ
šŦŞťŚŮŦŤ ŠŦŞ ŨūŰůŦŮūŸŭ ūŰ ŞūŧůŹũůŞŦ Űŷ ůūŰŭ ŷŬūŰŭ ŦŞŭ ŚŠŧŰ-
ŬŤŭ ŮŸşŞŮŤŭ. őŢ ŢŬŦůŹŮŢŦŭ, ŧŞůř ůŦŭ ūūŜŢŭ ŚũŞ ŮŰşŞůŦŧŷ ŚŬūŭ
ŞūůŰŠŲřũŢŦ ũŞ ŢŧŨŤŬŹŮŢŦ ůŦŭ ŰūŲŬŢŹŮŢŦŭ ůūŰ ūŰ ŞūŬŬŚūŰũ Şŷ
ůŤ ŮŸşŞŮŤ, ůū ŚũšŦŧū şūśťŤŞ ůūŰ řŨŨūŰ ŚŬūŰŭ ŢŜũŞŦ ŮŰşŞůŦŧŷ. H
ŞŬŞşŜŞŮŤ ŮŸşŞŮŤŭ ťŞ ŞũůŦŢůŴŦŮťŢŜ Ţŧůŷŭ ůūŰ šŦŧŞŜūŰ ůūŰ ŞšŦŧŞŦ-
ūŨŷŠŤůūŰ ŨūŰůŦŮūŸ. őŰũŢŹŭ, ŷūŰ ŚũŞŭ ŨūŰůŦŮŷŭ ŞūũŚŢůŞŦ Űŷ
ŜŞ ŚŠŧŰŬŤ ŮŸşŞŮŤ, Ť ŞŠŴŠś ŠŦŞ ŢŦŮůŬūűś ŨūŰůŦŮūŸ ŞūŧŨŢŜŢůŞŦ.
ʼnřūŦūŦ ŮŲūŨŦŞŮůŚŭ ťŢŴŬūŸũ ŷůŦ Ť ŜšŦŞ Ť űŸŮŤ ůūŰ ťŢŮūŸ ŞūŧŨŢŜŢŦ ůŤũ
ŢűŞŬūŠś ůūŰ, ŷůŞũ ŰřŬŲŢŦ ŮŸşŞŮŤ ūŰ šŦŚŢŦ ůŤ ŮŲŚŮŤ ůŴũ ŢŬŹũ
241
,
ŢŧűŬřţūũůŞŭ ůŤũ řūųŤ ŷůŦ ū ŞšŦŧŞŦūŨŷŠŤůūŭ ŨūŰůŦŮŷŭ šŦŞšŬŞŞůŜţŢŦ
ŞŨŹŭ ŚũŞũ ŢŦŧūŰŬŦŧŷ ŬŷŨū ŷūŰ ŰřŬŲŢŦ ŧŢũŷ
242
. ĸŨŨūŦ ŦŮŲŰŬŜţūũůŞŦ
239. Goodman v. Pocock, 1850, 15 QB 576, Thomas v. Brown, 1876, 1 QBD 714, Dimskal
Shipping Co Ltd v. International Transport Workers Federation, 1992, 2 AC 152,
Pan Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v. Creditcorp Ltd, 1994, 1 WLR 161.
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