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ņŊńʼnŒŐŎŌňʼnŁ ŏŁňŕŌň¨ňŁ ŏŎŊńŋŎœ ʼnŁň ŋňŊňŒŁŐňőŋŎő

11

¨ŢŸůŢŬūũ, ŮŰũŚşŞŨŢ ůŞ —ŚŠŦŮůŞ ŮůŤũ ›ŬūŹťŤŮŤ ůŴũ ŮŲŚŮŢŴũ ůūŰ ŮůŬŞůūŸ

—Ţ ůŤũ ůŬŦůūşřť—ŦŞ Ţŧ›ŞŜšŢŰŮŤ ŧŞŦ ŦšŦŞŜůŢŬŞ —Ţ ŦšŬŸ—ŞůŞ ›ūŰ ŢŜŲŞũ ŞũŞ›ůŸ-

ŪŢŦ ś śťŢŨŞũ ũŞ ŞŮŲūŨŤťūŸũ ŮŰŮůŤ—ŞůŦŧř —Ţ ůŤũ ůŢŲũūŨūŠŦŧś ŚŬŢŰũŞ ŧŞŦ Şũř-

›ůŰŪŤ (Research and Development). ĺůŮŦ, ›ŚŬŞ Ş›ŷ ůŤ ŮŰũŢŬŠŞŮŜŞ ůūŰ —Ţ ůū

ŋňŒ, ū ŮůŬŞůŷŭ ŢũŜŮŲŰŮŢ ůū 1999 —Ţ 45 ŢŧŞůū——ŸŬŦŞ šūŨřŬŦŞ ůū ŏŞũޛŦŮůś-

—Ŧū ůŤŭ ŌŷůŦŞŭ ʼnŞŨŦűŷŬũŦŞŭ (University of Southern California-USC) ŠŦŞ ůŤ šŤ—Ŧ-

ūŰŬŠŜŞ ŧŞŦ Şũř›ůŰŪŤ ůūŰ ňũŮůŦůūŸůūŰ ŠŦŞ ¨Ť—ŦūŰŬŠŦŧŚŭ ŒŢŲũūŨūŠŜŢŭ (Institute

for Creative Technologies-ICT). őůŷŲūŭ ůūŰ ICT śůŞũ ŧŞŦ ŢŜũŞŦ «ũŞ űŚŬŢŦ ›Ŧū ŧū-

ũůř ůŤ şŦū—ŤŲŞũŜŞ ůŤŭ šŦŞŮŧŚšŞŮŤŭ —Ţ ůū ŮůŬŞůŷ ŧŞŦ ůŤũ ›ŞũޛŦŮůŤ—ŦŞŧś ŧūŦ-

ũŷůŤůŞ…[ŠŦŞ ůŤ] šŤ—ŦūŰŬŠŜŞ ŧŞŦ Şũř›ůŰŪŤ ũŚŴũ, Ş›ŷŨŰůŞ ŲŬŤŮůŦŧŹũ ůŢŲũū-

ŨūŠŦŹũ ŠŦŞ ůŤũ [ŢŪۛŤŬŚůŤŮŤ ůŤŭ] ŠũŹŮŤŭ, ůŤŭ Ţŧ›ŞŜšŢŰŮŤŭ ŧŞŦ ůūŰ ŲŹŬūŰ

šŬŞŮůŤŬŦūůśůŴũ ůŴũ Ţũŷ›ŨŴũ šŰũř—ŢŴũ».

27

Łũ ŞũŞŨūŠŦŮťūŸ—Ţ ůū şŞť—ŷ ůŤŭ

ŞũůŦ-—ŦŨŦůŞŬŦŮůŦŧśŭ ŧūŰŨůūŸŬŞŭ ›ūŰ šŦŚŧŬŦũŢ ůŤũ ›ŞũޛŦŮůŤ—ŦŞŧś ŧūŦũŷůŤůŞ

ůŤŭ Ł—ŢŬŦŧśŭ ›ŬŦũ Ş›ŷ ůū ¨ŢŸůŢŬū ŏŞŠŧŷٗŦū ŏŷŨޗū,

28

ůŷůŢ Ť šŤ—ŦūŰŬŠŜŞ ůūŰ

ICT ŧŞŦ Ť šŦŢŰŬŰũŷ—ŢũŤ ŮŰũŢŬŠŞŮŜŞ ůūŰ ŮůŬŞůūŸ —Ţ ŞŪŦŷŨūŠŞ ›ŞũޛŦŮůŤ—ŦŞŧř

ŦšŬŸ—ŞůŞ ŧŞŦ ŧŚũůŬŞ ›ūŰ ŢũŢŬŠū›ūŦūŸũůŞŦ Ůůūũ ůū—ŚŞ ůŤŭ ŚŬŢŰũŞŭ ŧŞŦ ůŤŭ ůŢ-

ŲũūŨūŠŜŞŭ, ůŷŮū Ţũůŷŭ ůŤŭ ŲŹŬŞŭ ŷŮū ŧŞŦ Ţŧůŷŭ,

29

›ŦŮůū›ūŦūŸũ ůŤũ ›ŨśŬŤ ŞũŞ-

ůŬū›ś ůūŰ ›ŞŨŞŦŷůŢŬūŰ ŧŨŜ—Şůūŭ.

ŒŬŜůūũ, —ŚŮŴ ůŤŭ šŤ—ŦūŰŬŠŜŞŭ ůūŰ ŮŰŠŧŢŧŬŦ—ŚũūŰ ŤŨŢŧůŬūũŦŧūŸ ›ŞŦŲũŦšŦūŸ, ū

őůŬŞůŷŭ ōŤŬřŭ šŤ—ŦūŸŬŠŤŮŢ ůŦŭ ›ŬūŶ›ūťŚŮŢŦŭ ŠŦŞ ůŤ ŬŞŠšŞŜŞ Şũř›ůŰŪŤ ůŴũ

ŮŲŚŮŢŴũ ůūŰ —Ţ ŦšŦŴůŦŧŚŭ ŢůŞŦŬŢŜŢŭ ŧŞŦ ޛŦŲŢŦŬŤ—ŞůŦŧūŸŭ ū—ŜŨūŰŭ ›ūŰ šŬŞ-

ŮůŤŬŦū›ūŦūŸũůŞŦ Ůůū ŲŹŬū ůŤŭ ޛŦŧūŦũŴũŜŞŭ —Ţ ůū ũŢŞũŦŧŷ ›ŨŤťŰٗŷ ůŤŭ ŲŹ-

ŬŞŭ ŧŞŦ ŦšŦŞŜůŢŬŞ —ŚŮŴ ůŤŭ ŢŰŲřŬŦŮůŤŭ šŦŞšŦŧŞŮŜŞŭ ůūŰ ŤŨŢŧůŬūũŦŧūŸ ›ŞŦŲũŦ-

šŦūŸ. őŸ—űŴũŞ —Ţ ůūŰŭ Zyda et al, ŠŦŞ ůŤũ ŧŞůŞŮŧŢŰś ůūŰ

America’s Army

ū

Ł—ŢŬŦŧŞũŦŧŷŭ őůŬŞůŷŭ ›ŬūŮŚŠŠŦŮŢ ŧŞŦ ŲŬŤŮŦ—ū›ūŜŤŮŢ ŧūŬŰűŞŜūŰŭ ŮŲŢšŦŞŮůŚŭ,

›ŬūŠŬŞ——ŞůŦŮůŚŭ, ŞũŞŨŰůŚŭ Ş›ŷ ŢůŞŦŬŢŜŢŭ ›ūŰ ŧŰŬŦŞŬŲūŸũ Ůůū ŲŹŬū ŞŰůŷ,

ŷ›Ŵŭ ūŦ Electronic Arts, Ť Kalisto, Ť Epic Games, Ť Vicious Cycle Software, Ť

Interactive Magic ŧŞŦ Ť Sony. ń›ŜŮŤŭ, ›ŬūŮŚŨŞşŢ ůūŰŭ ŧūŬŰűŞŜūŰŭ Ţ›ŞŠŠŢŨ-

—ŞůŜŢŭ ŤŲŤůŦŧŹũ ŢűŚ Ş›ŷ ůŤũ Skywalker ŧŞŦ ůŤũ Dolby Laboratories ŠŦŞ ůŤũ ›Ŧ-

27. łŨŚ›Ţ ůū Ůŧū›ŷ ŦšŬŸŮŢŴŭ ůūŰ ICT Ůůū šŦŞšŜŧůŰū —ŚŮŴ ůūŰ

http://www.ict.usc.edu

28. Ń.Ō. ʼnŞŬŞ—›ŢŨŦřŭ,

ŊŬŧŪŵŪŧŬũŬšŝş Ũşŧ ĻŪŬ›ũţŮ ¨űŪŚ—ţŧŮ: Ōŧş ›şŭţūťšť—śŪť ůųśůť

(ŁťśũŞ: Ōū—Ŧŧś łŦşŨŦūťśŧŤ, 2009) ŮŢŨ.15-18

29. ŕŞŬŞŧůŤŬŦŮůŦŧř ŞũŞűŚŬūũůŞŦ ůŞ ŏŞũޛŦŮůś—ŦŞ: Harvard, Princeton, Johns Hopkins,

Northwestern, Ohio, Florida State, Boston ŧŞŦ ŦšŬŸ—ŞůŞ ŷ›Ŵŭ ůŞ: Carnegie, RAND,

Brookings, American Enterprise. K. Williams, “The military’s role in stimulating Science

and Technology: The turning point”,

Foreign Policy Research Institute

, (ŋřŜūŭ 2010) ŧŞŦ

D. Day, “Invitation to Struggle: The history of civilian-military relations in space”, in J.

Logsdon (ed),

Exploring the Unknown

(Washington,DC: NASA, 1996). ń›ŜŮŤŭ, ŮůŦŭ 23

ŌūޗşŬŜūŰ 2013, Ť ŃŢŬ—ŞũŦŧś ńűŤ—ŢŬŜšŞ Suddeutsche Zeitung ŞũŚűŢŬŢ 22 ŏŞũޛŦŮůś—ŦŞ

ŧŞŦ ńŬŢŰũŤůŦŧř ňšŬŸ—ŞůŞ ůŤŭ ŲŹŬŞŭ ›ūŰ ŚŲūŰũ, Ş›ŷ ůū 2000, ŨřşŢŦ 10 ŢŧŞůū——ŸŬŦŞ

šūŨřŬŦŞ ŠŦŞ ŚŬŢŰũŞ Ş›ŷ ůŦŭ Ł—ŢŬŦŧŞũŦŧŚŭ ĺũū›ŨŢŭ ¨Űũř—ŢŦŭ.