 
          £®£°£¦¡: ¦§±²¡&²¯¯¨£
        
        
          8
        
        
          . ¡¤¡°¦¡
        
        
          
            ÅÀÒÅÐÎÍ
          
        
        
          , Ò¾ÑÎ ÒÎ ÐÓÐÎV ÒÈÕ GATT ËÁÉ ÒÎ ÐÓÐÎ 7 ÒÈÕ ECT ÅÐÉÌÁÂÍÎ×Í ÒÎ »ÐÁ-
        
        
          ÑÁ Á¾ ÉÁ ÇÅÔÇÐÁÆÉ˼ ÅÐÉÎÖ¼ ÒÔÍ Ñ×ÂÁÌÌλÍÔÍ ÅÐÏÍ, ÅÆ¾ÑÎÍ ÒÎ ËÐÒÎÕ ÄÉ»-
        
        
          ÌÅ×ÑÈÕ ËÁÉ »ÍÁ ÌÌÎ ËÐÒÎÕ (ËÐÒÎÕ ÐλÌÅ×ÑÈÕ ¼ ÐÎÎÐÉÑÎÀ) ŽÍÁÉ Ñ×ÂÁÌ̾ÅÍÁ
        
        
          »ÐÈ. ÅÍÁÁÉÒŽÒÁÉ ¾ÌÁ ÒÁËÐÒÈÎ×Ñ×ÅÒ»ÖÎ×ÍÑÒÈÍ ËÁÒÑÒÁÑÈÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈÕ ÍÁ ŽÍÁÉ
        
        
          Ñ×ÂÁÌ̾ÅÍÁ»ÐÈÐÎËÅÉ»ÍÎ× ÒλÐÁÑÁÍÁÖÁÐÁËÒÈÐÉÑÒŽÔÕÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ
        
        
          
            .
          
        
        
          20
        
        
          
            ±Ð½ÒÎÍ
          
        
        
          , ËÁÉ ÎÉ ÄÀÎÎÐÉÑν ËÁÌÀÒÎ×Í ÒÈÍ ÅнÒÔÑȾÎ×ÈÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈÁÆÎÐÑÒÎ ½ÄÉÎ
        
        
          ËÐÒÎÕ ÐλÌÅ×ÑÈÕ ËÁÉ ÐÎÎÐÉÑÎÀ. ÉÁÁÐÄÅÉÇÁ, ÒÈÍÅнÒÔÑÈ ÒÈÕ ÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈÕÆ×-
        
        
          ÑÉËÎÀÁÅнÎ×Î×ÐλÐÖÅÒÁÉ Á¾ ÒȰÔѽÁ»ÑÔ ÒÈÕÉÓÎ×ÁͽÁÕ ËÁÉ ÐÎÎнØÅÒÁÉ ÇÉÁ ÒÎ
        
        
          §Á̽ÍÉÍÇËÐÁÍÒ, ÅÐÉÎÖ¼Î×ÂнÑËÅÒÁÉ ×¾ ÒÈÍË×ÐÉÁÐÖ½Á ÒÈÕ°ÔѽÁÕ.
        
        
          £½ÍÁÉ Å½ÑÈÕ ÑÈÁÍÒÉ˾ ÍÁ ÄÉÅ×ËÐÉÍÉÑÒŽ ¾ÒÉ È ECT ÅÆÁоØÅÒÁÉ ÑÒÈ ÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ »-
        
        
          ÑÔ²ÎÄÎÏͨÅÒÁÆÎÐÕ £Í»ÐÇÅÉÁÕ, Î× ÎнØÎÍÒÁÉ ÑÒδÐÓÐÎ 7(10) ÒÈÕ ECT, ÅÍÏ ÒÎ
        
        
          ´ÐÓÐÎV ÒÈÕ GATT ÄÅ ÄÉÅ×ËÐÉͽØÅÉ ÁÍ ÅÆÁоØÅÒÁÉ ÑÅ ÑÖ»ÑÈÅ ÒÎ×Õ ÁÇÔÇÎÀÕ. ¬ÑÒ¾ÑÎ,
        
        
          ÈÄÉÒÁÊÈÄÅÍ ÁÁÇÎÐÅÀÅÉ Á×Ò¼ ÒÈÍ ÅÆÁÐÎǼ ËÁÉ Ñ×ÍÅÏÕ Å½ÍÁÉ Ä×ÍÁÒ¾ ÍÁ ÉÑÖ×ÐÉÑÒŽ
        
        
          ËÁÍŽվÒÉ ÅÆÁоØÅÒÁÉ ÑÅÑÖ»ÑÈÅ ÒÈÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ»ÑÔÁÇÔÇÏÍÁÅнÎ×ËÁÉ ÅÒÐÅÌÁ½Î×.
        
        
          21
        
        
          B.
        
        
          
            ²ÎÖÐÅÏÑÅÉÕ ×ÅÐÉÆÎÐÕ ËÁÉ ²ÎÖÐÅÏÑÅÉÕ¡ÎÒÅÌ»ÑÁÒÎÕ
          
        
        
          ¯É Ñ×ÍÓ¼ËÅÕ Î× ÄÈÉÎ×ÐÇÎÀÍ ×ÎÖÐÅÏÑÅÉÕ ÑÖÅÒÉË Å ÒÈ ÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ ÅÍ»ÐÇÅÉÁÕ Å½ÒÅ
        
        
          ÖÐÈÑÉÎÎÉÎÀÍ ¾ÐÎ×Õ ¾ÔÕ «ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈÕ », «ÅÌÅÀÓÅÐÈÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ», «ÁÐÖ¼ ÒÈÕ
        
        
          ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁÕ ÒÈÕÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈÕ», ¼ÄÅÍËÍÎ×ÍËÁ½ÁÁÍÁÆÎÐÑÅ«ÄÉËÁ½ÔÁ»¼«ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁ»,
        
        
          ¾ÒÁÍÁÁÉÒÎÀÍÁ¾ ÒÁËÐÒÈÍÁ ÅÉÒлÃÎ×Í ÒÈÄÉ»ÌÅ×ÑÈ.¥ »ÍÍÎÉÁ ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁÁÍÁÆ»ÐÅÒÁÉ
        
        
          Ë×нÔÕ ÑÅ «ÁÎÖ¼»: ÑÒÎÑÅÂÁѾ ËÁÉ ÒÈÈÁОÄÉÑÈ ÒÈÕ ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁÕ. ÉÁÁÐÄÅÉÇ-
        
        
          Á, È ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁ ÒÈÕ ÁÍÎÉËÒ¼Õ ÓÌÁÑÑÁÕ.
        
        
          22
        
        
          ÅÁÍÒ½ÓÅÑÈÅ ÒÈÍ«ÅÌÅ×ÓÅнÁ», È »ÍÍÎÉÁ«ÄÉ-
        
        
          ËÁ½ÔÁ»ÅÐÉÌÁÂÍÅÉ ¾ÖÉ ¾ÍÎ ÒÈÍ ÁÎÖ¼Á¾ ËÎÉÁÑ×ÅÐÉÆÎÐ, ÁÌÌ ËÁÉ ÒÈÓÅÒÉ-
        
        
          ˼ Ñ×ÅÐÉÆÎÐ: ×ÎÖлÔÑÈ ÍÁ ÌÂÅÉ ÒÎ ËÐÒÎÕ ÁÎÒÅÌÅÑÁÒÉË »ÒÐÁ ÐÎËÅÉ»ÍÎ×
        
        
          ÍÁÅÊÁÑÆÁ̽ÑÅÉ ÒÈÍÁ¾ÌÁ×ÑÈ ÒÎ×ÄÉËÁÉÏÁÒÎÕÁ¾»ÍÁÌÌÎËÐÒÎÕ¼»ÍÁ ÒнÒλÐÎÕ.
        
        
          23
        
        
          20.
        
        
          P
        
        
          ANEL
        
        
          R
        
        
          EPORT
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            Colombia - Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry
          
        
        
          , WT/DS366/R and
        
        
          Corr.1, adopted 20May 2009, ÁÐÁ. 7.401-7.402; WTO Secretariat,
        
        
          
            Article V of GATT 1994 - Scope
          
        
        
          
            andApplication
          
        
        
          , TN/TF/W2, 12 January 2005, ÑÅÌ. 2. Contra (ÐÉÍ Á¾ ÒÈÍ ×ÉÎÓ»ÒÈÑÈ ÒÈÕ Á¾ÆÁÑÈÕ
        
        
          
            Colombia - Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry
          
        
        
          ):
        
        
          J.H. J
        
        
          ACKSON
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            World Trade and
          
        
        
          
            the Law of GATT: a Legal Analysis of theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
          
        
        
          , (Charlottesville,
        
        
          Virginia: TheMichie Cie, 1969), ÑÅÌ. 506-507;
        
        
          
            WTO Rules Applying under the Energy Charter Treaty,
          
        
        
          (Brussels: Energy Charter Secretariat, 2001), ÑÅÌ. 34;
        
        
          R.R. C
        
        
          HURCHILL
        
        
          and
        
        
          A.V. L
        
        
          OWE
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            The Law of the
          
        
        
          
            Sea
          
        
        
          , (Yonkers, New York: Juris Publishing; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 3rd ed., 1999)
        
        
          ÑÅÌ. 441;
        
        
          R.K. B
        
        
          HALA
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            ModernGATT Law, A Treatise on theAgreement on Tariffs and Trade
          
        
        
          , (London:
        
        
          Sweet&Maxwell, 2005), ÑÅÌ. 472.
        
        
          21.  ÉÁ ÅËÒÅͼ ÁÍÌ×ÑÈ ËÁÉ ÅÐÈÍŽÁ ÒÈÕ ÄÉÒÁÊÈÕ ÑÅ ÑÖ»ÑÈ Å Á×Ò¾ ÒÎ Ó»Á, ÂÌ.
        
        
          D. A
        
        
          ZARIA
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            Transit of
          
        
        
          
            Energy via Pipelines in International Law: Treaties and Countermeasures
          
        
        
          (Oxford University Press:
        
        
          forthcoming2014).
        
        
          22.
        
        
          D.R. R
        
        
          OTHWELL
        
        
          and
        
        
          T. S
        
        
          TEPHENS
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            The International Lawof theSea
          
        
        
          , (Oxford:Hart, 2010), ÑÅÌ. 145-158;
        
        
          R.R. C
        
        
          HURCHILL
        
        
          and
        
        
          A.V. L
        
        
          OWE
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            The Lawof theSea
          
        
        
          , (Yonkers, NewYork: Juris Publishing;Manchester:
        
        
          Manchester University Press, 3rd ed., 1999) ÑÅÌ. 203-208;
        
        
          R.J. D
        
        
          UPUY
        
        
          and
        
        
          D. V
        
        
          IGNES
        
        
          , (eds.),
        
        
          
            A
          
        
        
          
            Handbookon theNewLawof theSea
          
        
        
          ,Vol. II, (Dordrecht:Nijhoff, 1991), ÑÅÌ. 383-400.
        
        
          23.  ÉÁÁÐÄÅÉÇÁÑÅ ÑÖ»ÑÈÅ ÒÁÄÉËÁÉÏÁÒÁ ÒÎ×ÁÍÓÐÏÎ×:
        
        
          P. A
        
        
          LSTON
        
        
          and
        
        
          R. G
        
        
          OODMAN
        
        
          ,
        
        
          
            International
          
        
        
          
            HumanRights
          
        
        
          , (Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress, 2012), ÑÅÌ. 181-182.