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ŒÁÒÉËÎÀ ľÌÎ×. ¯É ÁÎÆÑÅÉÕ Dun & Bradstreet ËÁÉ Hepps ËÁÒ»ÑÒÈÑÁÍ ÑÁÆ»Õ
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ōÅѼŒÁÍÅ ÒÎ ¡š ÑÒÈÍ Hepps, ÁÎÒ׍ÏÍÎÍÒÁÕ ÖÁÐÁËÒÈÐÉÑÒÉË ÒÈ ÄÉËÎÍΌÉ˼
Ñ×Í»ÅÉÁ ÒÈÕ ËÁÓÉ»ÐÔÑÈÕ Î×ÑÉÁÑÒÉËÎÀ ÒÅˌÈнÎ×, «ÄÀÎ Ä×͌ÅÉÕ ŒÎÐÎÀÍ ÍÁ
ÁÍÁŒÎÐÆÏÑÎ×Í ÒÎ common law ÐÎËÅɌ»ÍÎ× ÍÁ ŽÍÁÉ ÑÀŒÆÔÍÎ ŒÅ ÒÈÍ žÐÏ-
ÒÈ ±Ð΍΍νÈÑÈ. ¥ ÐÏÒÈ Å½ÍÁÉ ÅÍ Î ÓÉǾŒÅÍÎÕ Å½ÍÁÉ ÄȌ¾ÑÉÎÕ ÌÅÉÒÎ×ÐÇ¾Õ ¼
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ŽÍÁÉ ÄȌÎѽÎ× ÅÍÄÉÁÆ»ÐÎÍÒÎÕ ËÁÉ Î ÅÍÇÔÍ ÄȌ¾ÑÉÎÕ ÌÅÉÒÎ×ÐÇ¾Õ ¼ ÄȌ¾ÑÉÎ
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ÁÆÎÐÑÒÈÍ ÁÎØȌ½ÔѼ ÒÎ× Á¾ ÅÍÁǾŒÅÍÎ ÅˍоÑԍΠÒÔÍ Œ»ÑÔÍ ÅÍȌ»ÐÔ-
ÑÈÕ, ÑÅ ÑÖ»ÑÈ ŒÅ ÒÎ×Õ ËÁ;ÍÅÕ ÒÎ× common law. ¹ÒÁÍ Î Ì¾ÇÎÕ Å½ÍÁÉ ÄȌÎѽ-
Î× ÅÍÄÉÁÆ»ÐÎÍÒÎÕ ËÁÉ Î ÅÍÇÔÍ ÉÄÉÏÒÈÕ, ¾ÔÕ ÑÒÈÍ Gertz, ÒÎ ŸÀÍÒÁnjÁ ÌÉ
damages. Nor need we consider what standards would apply if the plaintiff sues a
nonmedia defendant...», 475 U.S. 767, 779 n. 4.
382. BÌ. ÅÍÄÅÉËÒÉËKatz v. Gladstone, 673 F.Supp. 76 (D.Conn. 1987), Ramirez v. Rogers,
540 A.2d 475 (Me. 1988). ²»Ð ÒÈÕ ÅÆÁЌÎÇ¼Õ ÒÈÕ Hepps ÖÔÐ½Õ ÄÉËÐÉÑÈ ÂÌ. Nizam-
Aldine v. City of Oakland, 47 Cal.App.4th 364, 373 (1996) Pearce v. E.F. Hutton Group,
Inc. 664 F. Supp. 1490, 1511 (D.D.C. 1987), In re IBP Confidential Bus. Documents
Litigation 797 F.2d 632, 642, 647 (8th Cir. 1986). ¢Ì. ÑÖÅÒÉË Stern N., The intrinsic
character of defamatory content as grounds for a uniform regime of proving libel, 80
Miss.L.J. 1, 29 ËÁÉ 36 (2011), ¾Î× ËÁÉ ÅÉÑȌÁ½ÍÅÉ ¾ÒÉ ÒÎ ËнÑɌΠÑÒÎÉÖŽΠÒÈÕ ÁÍÁ̼ÓÅÉ-
ÁÕ ÄÅÍ ÄÉÁÆ»ÐÅÉ ÁÍÌÎÇÁ ŒÅ ÒÈÍ ÈǼ ÒÎ× ÉÑÖ×ÐÉьÎÀ, Ñ×ÍōÏÕ ËÁÉ ÒÎ ÂÐÎÕ Á¾ÄÅÉ-
ÊÈÕ ÄÅÍ ÓÁ Ð»ÅÉ ÍÁ ÄÉÁÆ»ÐÅÉ ÁÍÒ½ÑÒÎÉÖÁ. ¯ŒÎ½ÔÕ ÂÌ. Kalm L., The burden of proving
truth or falsity in defamation: setting a standard for cases involving nonmedia
defendants, 62 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 812, 815 ËÁÉ 836 ō. (1987), ±aylor D.M., ¾.., 169 ō.,
¾Î× ÅÉÑȌÁ½ÍÅÒÁÉ ¾ÒÉ ÄÅÍ ÓÁ Ð»ÅÉ ÍÁ ×ÉÎÓÅÒŽÒÁÉ Ò»ÒÎÉÎ× Å½ÄÎ×Õ ÄÉËÐÉÑÈ ÂÑÅÉ ÒÈÕ
ÉÄɾÒÈÒÁÕ ÒÎ× ÅÍÁÇΌ»ÍÎ×.
383. ¢Ì. ÅÍÄÅÉËÒÉËNeill Grading & Const. Co., Inc. v. Lingafelt, 168 N.C.App. 36 (2005),
Zaidi v. United Bank Ltd., 194 Misc.2d 1 (2002), Senna v. Florimont, 196 N.J. 469
(2008), Mandel v. The Boston Phoenix, Inc., 456 F.3d 198 (U.S. App. 2006)