Η ΑΙΧΜΗΡΗ ΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ ΩΣ ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑ - page 29

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¥ Dun & Bradstreet ÄȌÉÎÀÐÇÈÑÅ ÄÉÑÒÁÑÈ Á¾ÃÅÔÍ ŒÅÒÁÊÀ ÒÔÍ šÉËÁÑÒÏÍ
ËÁÉ ÄÉÁÒ׍ÏÓÈËÁÍ Ò»ÑÑÅÐÉÕ ÄÉÁÆÎÐÅÒÉË»Õ ÇÍόÅÕ. ¯ šÉËÁÑÒ¼Õ Powell ÄÉÁÒÀ-
ÔÑÅ ÒÈ ÇÍÏŒÈ ÒÎ× šÉËÁÑÒÈнÎ×, ÑÒÈÍ ÎÎ½Á ÐÎÑÖÏÐÈÑÁÍ ËÁÉ ÎÉ šÉËÁÑÒ»Õ
Rehnquist ËÁÉ O’ Connor, ÅÍÏ ÎÉ šÉËÁÑÒ»Õ White ËÁÉ Burger ÐλÂÁÌÁÍ ÊÅÖÔ-
ÐÉÑÒ¼ ÇÍόÈ, ÑÀŒÆÔÍÈ ŒÅ ÒÎ ÄÉÁÒÁËÒÉ˾ ÒÈÕ Á¾ÆÁÑÈÕ, ÂÑÅÉ ¾ŒÔÕ ÄÉÁÆÎÐÅÒÉ-
ËÎÀ ÑËōÒÉËÎÀ. ±»ÌÎÕ Î šÉËÁÑÒ¼Õ Brennan, Ñ×ÍÎÄÅ×¾ŒÅÍÎÕ Á¾ ÒÎ×Õ šÉËÁÑÒ»Õ
Marshall, Blackmun ËÁÉ Stevens, ÐλÂÁÌÅ ÄÉÁÆÔÍÎÀÑÁ ÎÃÈ.339
¥ ÅÍ Ì¾ÇÔ Á¾ÆÁÑÈ ÒÎ× ¡š, È ÎÎ½Á ōÁÍÁÆ»ÐÅÉ ÒÈÍ ÓŌÅÌÉԌ»ÍÈ ÑÒÎ Å-
ÐÉÅÖ¾ŒÅÍÎ ÄÉËÐÉÑÈ Ó»ŒÁÒÎÕ ÄȌÎѽÎ× ËÁÉ ŒÈ ÅÍÄÉÁÆ»ÐÎÍÒÎÕ ÒÈÕ Rosenbloom,
Ä»ÖÓÈËÅ ËÐÉÒÉ˼ Á¾ ÒÈ ÓÅÔнÁ.340 §ÁÒÁÐÖÕ, ËÁÒÁËнÓÈËÅ È ÐÎэÓÅÉÁ ÒÎ× šÉ-
ËÁÑÒ¼ Powell, Π΍νÎÕ ÄÉÁÒÀÔÑÅ ÒÈÍ ÎÃÈ ÒÈÕ ÌÅÉÎÃÈƽÁÕ, ÍÁ Ñ׌ÆÉÌÉÏÑÅÉ
ÒÈÍ Dun & ¢radstreet ŒÅ ÒÈÍ Gertz. E½ÑÈÕ, ōÉÑȌÍÓÈËÅ È ÅË Í»Î× ÅÉÑÁÇÔǼ
Á¾ ÒÈÍ Dun & Bradstreet ÒÈÕ ËÁÒÈÇÎнÁÕ ÒÎ× Ó»ŒÁÒÎÕ ÄȌÎѽÎ× ÅÍÄÉÁÆ»ÐÎÍÒÎÕ,
Î× Å½ÖÅ ÁÎÐÐÉÆÓŽ »ÍÒÅËÁ ÖоÍÉÁ ÍÔнÒÅÐÁ Á¾ ÒÈÍ Gertz, ŒÅ ÒΠōÉÖŽÐȌÁ ¾ÒÉ
È ad hoc ËнÑÈ ÒÔÍ ÄÉËÁÑÒÏÍ ÇÉÁ ÒÈ ÆÀÑÈ ÒÎ× Å½ÄÉËÎ× Ì¾ÇÎ× ÎÄÈÇŽ ÑÅ ŒÈ ÐÎ-
ÂÌ»ÃɌÁ ÁÎÒÅ̻ьÁÒÁ.
£ÉÄÉ˾ÒÅÐÁ, ÉÄÉÁ½ÒÅÐÁ ÐÎÂÌȌÁÒ½ØÅÉ ÑÒÈÍ ÅÍ Ì¾ÇÔ Á¾ÆÁÑÈ È ÐÎэÓÅÉÁ
ÓŌÅ̽ÔÑÈÕ Ñ×ÍÆÅÉÁÕ ŒÅ ÒÈÍ Gertz, ׍ÎÍÎÏÍÒÁÕ ¾ÒÉ È ÁÐÅÖ¾ŒÅÍÈ Ñ×ÍÒÁnjÁ-
ÒÉ˼ ÐÎÑÒÁѽÁ ÒÈÕ Gertz ÂÁÑÉؾÒÁÍ Ò¾ÑÎ ÑÒÈÍ ÉÄɾÒÈÒÁ ÒÎ× ÓÉÇΌ»ÍÎ×, ¾ÑÎ ËÁÉ
ÑÒÎ Ó»ŒÁ ÒÎ× ÐÎÑÂÁÌ̾ŒÅÍÎ× ÉÑÖ×ÐÉьÎÀ. ŸÀŒÆÔÍÁ ŒÅ ÒÎ šÉËÁÑÒ¼ÐÉÎ ÒÈÕ
Dun & Bradstreet, ÑÒÈÍ Gertz ËнÓÈËÅ ¾ÒÉ È žÐÏÒÈ ±Ð΍΍νÈÑÈ ÐÎÑÒÁÒÅÀÅÉ
ÒÎ×Õ Ä×ÑÆȌÉÑÒÉËÎÀÕ ÉÑÖ×ÐÉьÎÀÕ ÅÍÁÍÒ½ÎÍ ÉÄÉÏÒÈ, ÅƾÑÎÍ ÎÉ ÒÅÌÅ×ÒÁ½ÎÉ ÑÖÅÒ½-
ØÎÍÒÁÉ ŒÅ Ó»ŒÁ ÄȌÎѽÎ× ÅÍÄÉÁÆ»ÐÎÍÒÎÕ, ōÉÂÌÌÎÍÒÁÕ ÅÐÉÎÐÉьÎÀÕ ÑÒÈÍ ÅÉ-
ĽËÁÑÈ ÁÎØȌ½ÔÑÈÕ.341 ¬ÑÒ¾ÑÎ, Á¾ ÒÈÍ ÁÍÇÍÔÑÈ ÒÈÕ Gertz, È ÎÎ½Á ō»Ð-
ÐÉÃÅ ÒÎ ÂÐÎÕ Á¾ÄÅÉÊÈÕ ÒÈÕ ÀÁÐÊÈÕ ÐÁnjÁÒÉËÎÀ ľÌÎ× ÑÒÎÍ ÓÉǾŒÅÍÎ Á¾
Ä×ÑÆȌÉÑÒÉ˾ ÉÑÖ×ÐÉь¾ ÉÄÉÏÒÈ Î× ÁÉÒŽÒÁÉ ÒÈÍ ÅÉĽËÁÑÈ ×ÎÓÅÒÉËÏÍ ØȌÉÏÍ
ËÁÉ ÒÈÍ ËÁÒÁĽËÈ ÒÎ× ÅÍÁÇΌ»ÍÎ× ÑÅ ÎÉÍ»Õ Ñ×ÍÅÒÉьÎÀ, ÄÅÍ ÐÎËÀÒÅÉ ¾ÒÉ ÅÐÉ-
ËÁÉ ÑÒÎ ÑËōÒÉ˾ ÒÔÍ Culliton v. Mize, 403 N.W.2d 853 (Minn.Ct.App.Div. 1987), Dairy
Stores, Inc. v. Sentinel Pub. Co., Inc., 104 N.J. 125 (N. J. 1986), Wampler v. Higgins, 930
Ohio St.3d 111 (2001).
339. ¢Ì. ÁÍÁÌ×ÒÉËÑÅ Katz D.B., First amendment – Defamation – Private individual may
recover presumed and punitive damages without a showing of actual malice – Dun &
Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc., 105 S.CT. 2939 (1985), 16 Seton Hall L.Rev.
785, 796-797 (1986).
340. ¢Ì. ¨attingly S.J., Drawing a dangerous line: Why the public – concern test in the
constitutional law of defamation is harmful to the first amendment, and what courts
should do about it, 47 U.Louisville L.Rev. 739, 748 (2009)
341. 472 U.S. 749, 756-757. µÒÑÉ ËÁÉ ÒÎ ¡š ÑÒÈÍ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. et al., 497
U.S. 21 (1990) «...where such a statement involves a private figure on a matter of
public concern, a plaintiff must show that the false connotations were made with
some level of fault as required by Gertz».